Cholera
From Memory Alpha, the free Star Trek reference.
Cholera was a bacterial disease that affected Humans. It was prevalent on Earth in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was spread by contaminated water and was wiped out globally sometime between 2063 and 2150.
The Devidians used a cholera outbreak in 19th century San Francisco as a cover for their killing of Humans to harvest neural energy. (TNG: "Time's Arrow", "Time's Arrow, Part II")
