Synchronous orbit
From Memory Alpha, the free Star Trek reference.
Synchronous orbit was a spatial relation where an object orbited a massive body (usually a planet) in the same period that the body rotated, and did so in the same direction. Many artificial satellites, especially those for communications, were put into such an orbit, and visiting spacecraft also found it useful on occasion to remain above the same part of a planetary surface.
To an observer standing on the equator of the rotating body, an object so orbiting would generally appear to oscillate north and south. The one synchronous orbit which did not deviate from the body's equatorial plane, known as stationary because the orbiting object would appear to that observer to be suspended motionless overhead, was yet often understood to be the type intended by the general term. The USS Enterprise maintained a stationary "synchronous orbit over the capital city of Gideon" in 2269. (TOS: "The Mark of Gideon")
Satellites and space stations too might be locked into the stationary type of synchronous orbit. Terok Nor was in stationary orbit over Bajor. (DS9: "Emissary")
Some facilities of the UFP Utopia Planitia Fleet Yards were in stationary orbit about Sol IV; the rest were on the surface. (TNG: "Parallels")
A space elevator or orbital tether was a particular type of stationary space station, connected to the equatorial surface by an extremely long cable or tower. The Nezu of the Delta Quadrant used such structures in their colonializations. (VOY: "Rise")
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[edit] Background
Some special terms are used in the UFP home system. Satellites, stations and ships orbiting in lockstep with Earth rotation are said to be geosynchronous; those about Mars aerosynchronous. These objects when in perfect equatorial orbits are geostationary and aerostationary, respectively.
These terms can however be used loosely, to describe orbits about other planets. In the 2006 novel Captain's Glory by William Shatner and Garfield and Judith Reeves-Stevens, James T. Kirk finds himself in geostationary orbit above Vulcan.
Geostationary orbit is also known as a Clarke orbit, after the physicist and science fiction writer who proposed placing telecommunications satellites there. (Clarke also helped popularize the idea of space elevators).
Clarke orbit is at a radius of 42,164 km–from the Earth's center, meaning about 35,800 km (22,300 miles) above the equatorial surface. Velocity at that altitude must be 6877 mph to keep pace with rotation. The first communications satellite placed in a Clarke orbit was Syncom 2, launched in 1963. There is now a whole belt of satellites in the skies above the equator, bringing Humans their television broadcasts among other things. Cellular telephone and even internet is still partly dependent on stationary satellites in 2008.
